Adolescent Stages of Development - 1500 Words

Adolescent Stages of Development Adolescence is probably the most difficult period in life of every individual since it is a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. In this period adolescents undergo significant changes in physiological, psychological and social aspects. Naturally, these changes produce a significant impact on their lifestyle, behaviour, psychology, etc. Traditionally, adolescence is considered to start at preteens, mostly from around 9-10 years of age till 19-20 years of age. Basically, adolescence may be divided into three main stages middle childhood (8-11), early adolescence (11-14), and middle adolescence (15-18) while the last years of adolescence may be characterised as the last years when individuals†¦show more content†¦I will be mostly focusing on talking about the middle childhood, early adolescene and middle adolescene which are the three adolescent stages of development. Middle Childhood The first stage when children actually start to transform into adolescents begins at preteens and lasts until 11 years of age. This stage marks the start of a fast physical growth since at this stage uneven growth of bones, muscles, and organs starts that may result in certain awkward appearance. Some children, especially girls begin puberty at this age that creates certain difficulties for them, so they need access to information about sexuality appropriate for their age. On the cognitive level, some elements of childhood are combined with elements of adolescence. To put it more precisely, logical thinking starts to develop, though children are still have limited abstract concepts. Also they accumulate general knowledge and attempt to apply it to new tasks. As a rule they are interested in learning life skills. At the same time, it should be said that at this age children still remain egocentric but they attempt to gain social approval and live up to the expectations of people close to them, which are basically parents, though the influence of peers is growing stronger. Furthermore, children’s self-concept is basically shaped by relationships with parents, teachers and peers.Show MoreRelatedDevelopment Stages of Adolescents2191 Words   |  9 PagesAdolescence is the distinct transitional stage between childhood and adulthood in human development, extending primarily over the teenage years and terminating legally when the age of majority is reached (Rathus, 2014). However in some instances, this biological, cognitive, social and emotional maturity may not be reached until a later stage and may be dictated by gender. Adolescence is characterised by rapidly changing and unpredictable behaviour (Freud, as cited in Rathus 2014), heightened andRead MoreDevelopment Stages Of Adolescence And Adolescent Sub Stages1276 Words   |  6 PagesGROWING UP : ADOLOSCENCE Objective: The study of the project will be helpful to us in following ways : ïÆ'Ëœ it will explain the nature and development stages of the adolescence. ïÆ'Ëœ it will enlist the development task during the adolescence . ïÆ'Ëœ it will explain the behavioral issues , challenges ,factors effecting the adolescence . ïÆ'Ëœ also discuss the gender disparity and phenomenon of the generation gap . ________________________________________ Adolescence: Concept of adolescence:Read MoreAdolescent s Asca Development Stage Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pages5. Adolescent’s ASCA Development Stage First, review what you’ve learned about the adolescent from your interviews. Then, complete Section I of the Adolescent Development Analysis Worksheet to determine the ASCA Development Stage in which you believe the teen falls. Finally, identify and write a description here of the stage in which the teen falls, then give at least two examples that support your stage choice. I’ve learned that this teen is very independant. Her family circumstances have shapedRead MoreMy Life That Influenced My Development During The Adolescent Stage2267 Words   |  10 Pageson their development, whether it is good or bad. In this paper I will be covering various aspects about events in my life that influenced my development at during this point in my life. This point is going to be at the ages of 14 to 17, also known as adolescence. Before I talk about this point in my life I am first going to cover certain relevant background information, family influences, sociocultural and environmental influences, and finally I will discuss my own personal development during theRead MoreLearning Styles And Sociocultural Influences On Child And Adolescent Development1641 Words   |  7 Pagesessay will describe child and adolescent behaviours reported in the media and will examine the link to development theories, learning styles and sociocultural influences on child and adolescent development. As a developing secondary school preserve teacher, my focus will be mainly on adolescent behaviours and development. I will be examining an article from a media how these developmental theories analyses and helps us to understand the behaviour of child and adolescents. I will also try to explainRead MoreAdolescence : A Social And Cultural Construct1639 Words   |  7 Pagesand explain the different stages of development. One of the most significant models of psychosocial development was created by Erikson (1963) and the stage related to adolescents is known as the â€Å"Identity vs. Role-Diffusion†, where the one is in constant pursuit of a coherent sense of self during the teenage years. When the teenager is unable to put together aspects of themselves they experience role-diffusion. Later on Elkind (1967) introduced his theory of adolescent egocentrism, explaining theRead MoreComparing Adolescents And Early Adulthood1432 Words   |  6 Pages Adolescents and Early Adulthood: Comparing Adolescents from Early Adulthood During the stages of adolescents and early adulthood there are very many various models we can look at to give us the answers of how our mind works during those stages. One of the models we can look at is the Cognitive Development model. For adolescents, they gain different many new mental tools because of a very dramatic shift from concrete to abstract thinking. Adolescents now can now analyze very different situationsRead MoreA Reflection of Stage 5 of Erik Eriksons 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development646 Words   |  3 PagesReflection on Erik Eriksons 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development Stage 5: Adolescence Adolescence is the fifth stage in Eriksons psychosocial development theory. It is posited to last from ages 12 to 18, and the basic conflict inherent in the adolescent stage, which the person must resolve, is between identity and role confusion. This conflict between identity and role confusion especially plays itself out in peer relationships, but the teenager also navigates through identity and role confusionRead More The Developing Adolescent Essay1402 Words   |  6 Pagesthe patterns and problems of development (Berger, 2008 p33). Adolescence represents one of the most critical developmental periods in life. It is a time of profound changes on all levels. The importance of both family and peers during these years is also discussed. The relationship between adolescent and his or her family are very important in the adolescents ability to develop through these years. One of the earliest theorists to shed light on adolescent development was Erik Erikson. He developedRead MoreLiterature Review On Adolescent Identity Development1141 Words   |  5 PagesAdolescent Identity Development: Suggestion for a LGBTQ Identity Model Introduction The purpose of this literature review is to provide an in depth evaluation of the research on adolescent identity development. Specifically, to examine the limitations and gaps in the literature for LGBTQ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans*, and Queer) adolescent populations. There are many limitations to using traditional adolescent identity models for LGBTQ youth (Bilodeau Renn, 2005; Talburt, 2004). It is my hope

Social Class Is The Backbone Of American Society - 870 Words

Society today has developed the concept of social class, to categorize citizens into different groups based on their economic status. These social classes are divided into three groups: upper, middle and low. Unfortunately, social class has become the backbone of American society, where being upperclass gives citizens an advantage and controlling position in the United States. Society in America thinks that what ever social class a person falls in defines them as an individual. Social class seems to have an huge impact on today’s society. What even is social class? Social class is usually based on an individuals income or employment status. Every citizen is put into a group whether they know it or not, society chooses where he or she belongs out of the three classes. Every individual is put into a group that are in the same position as them. Upper class are the individuals that are considered wealthy, usually leaders or head of big companies or universities. For example, Bill Gates is an example of an upper class citizen. Bill Gates makes millions of dollars a year and has vast amounts of money. Then there is the middle class, these people are considered the average citizens. They make enough money to live day to day without being on a daily struggle. Middle class is probably the largest class group. Lastly, there is the lower class, they are the ones who have the low income jobs and can barely afford to live in this society. These individuals usually end up getting twoShow MoreRelatedSocial Class Is The Backbone Of American Society Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesSociety has created the concept of social class to classify people into different groups based on political, economic, and socio-economic status. This system of social stratification contributes to the problems that the middle and lower classes have to experience in order to achieve success in the United States. America is a place where all people are supposed to be equal, but social class has generated divisions in our society. Unfortunately, social class has become the backbone of American societyRead MoreClass Reflection Paper1426 Words   |  6 PagesWhen I arrived to Dr. Singleton’s Identity, Cultures, and Democracy class in September, I had no idea what importance the name of the course held in my life. Now, nearly completed the course, I see the importance of the course’s title and how impactful each word is to me. The two terms that were used most often throughout the semester were â€Å"American Dream† and â€Å"Culture†. After extensive conversations regarding the American Dream and Culture, I have a new perspective for each that will forever serveRead MoreSocial Conflict Theory : Class Conflict Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pagesstarvation wages, having welfare pick up their slack, and outsourcing American jobs. Corporations will even stoop as low as not giving employees enough hours to be considered full-time, just so they can get ar ound providing them with health insurance. Even though they provide a service to the economy, the damage these corporations do to individual’s lives outweigh that service. Karl Marx constructed a social conflict theory called class conflict, this theory states that people have one of two basicRead MoreBeing Born Into A Social Class1203 Words   |  5 Pagesgenerations. Class divisions have been set to distinguish between the lowest, the middle, and the ultra wealthy. These classes leave a lasting effect on the people and their idea of worth. To grow old in a nation where your life is deemed to be low class can negatively affect mental health and how people see themselves. Being born into a certain class will automatically place you beneath a percent and above others. What happens to those minorities who are not born into this social class stigma? TheRead MoreThe profession of social work through the centuries has improved its practice of time to establish800 Words   |  4 PagesThe profession of social work through the centuries has improved its practice of time to establish guidelines, develop structure, and advocate social justice for the human race. Social work has been among society from the beginning of class division. Social work has been identified, as a need of the human race to improve and redirect the thought of humans, to everyone is equal in terms of opportunity and action. The human population needs to understand that social work is a profession to aid andRead MoreA Marxist Approach On Social Classes1192 Words   |  5 Pages stratification is brought forth by Domhoff and it supports the idea that social classes themselves have hierarchical layers determined status, power, and prestige. The critiques would most likely support the idea of pluralism and that each group is represented in political institutions, but that’s just not the case in practical manners. A Marxist approach would argue that power is never not socially organized. The reason why power matters is that power by Marxist definition, is the ability toRead More Thorstein Veblen: Short Bio Economic Theories Ideas Essay511 Words   |  3 PagesUniversity of Misssouri. He retired in 1926 after working for seven years at New York City’s New School for Social Research. He was noted for his significant analysis of our economic system and, by Mark Blaug, for his mastery of the art of satire.# nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Veblen went against the modern economic beliefs of his day. He identified a problem in our society that most did not. He noticed that the industrialists increased production of goods by hiring engineersRead MoreSocializing Children Into Immigrant Communities1139 Words   |  5 PagesDe-homogenizing American individualism†¦ Kusserow’s (1999) research questions consist of differentiating practices of teaching language and individualism among three different New York communities. These communities differ in social class and subculture. The communities include South Rockaway, a lower working class which suffers of gang violence, drug use and poverty. Beach Channel consists of a safe upper working class community and Carter Hill is an affluent to upper middle class community whoseRead MoreSociety has developed the concept of social class to categorize people into different groups based900 Words   |  4 PagesSociety has developed the concept of soci al class to categorize people into different groups based on economic, political, and educational status. The three primary social classes in the United States include; the upper class, middle class, and lower class. There are several subgroups within these extensive sections. This system of social ranking contributes to the difficulties that the middle and lower classes have to experience in order to succeed in the United States; always trying to obtain theRead MoreIn A Postmodern Industrialized Nation Like The United States1424 Words   |  6 Pagescrucial to the operation of our society, that we continue to promote the kind of personal freedom and individual success that has been fundamental for advancing our society in the past. This means that as far as the U.S. citizen is concerned, everyone should be given the opportunity to educate themselves and improve their social and economic position to the best of their ability. As Americans, we should have the right to make our own p ersonal contribution to our society. This is the fabric that holds

Challenge of Embedding Ecosystem Services †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Challenge of Embedding Ecosystem Services. Answer: Introduction: The case study evaluation directly indicates that Relevant accounts that needs to be omitted from exhibit 3. Exhibit 3 directly indicates all the relevant expenses that need to be incurred by the organisation to determine whether the project is viable option for generating relevant in comment future.Moreover, the accounts that are been omitted is indirect labour expense and space account expense, which is relatively an extra burden on the expenses.The indirect labour directly accounts for the supervisor salary, which is mentioned in the case study will be conducted by the existing supervisor. Therefore, no increment in expenses is expected from the indirect labour charges for the current project (Kirschenmann Norden, 2012). The other expenses are related to space which will be taken by the new project and needs to be deducted from the income. However, the organisation directly aims in using free space in the current premises, which will directly neglect the expenses towards space. Evaluation of the project period it could be identified that the payback Period of the project is not viable according to the company's policy, which will force them to reject the project. The company requires a Fever period of minimum of 5 years, while the project provides Payback period of 5.2 years From the evaluation of the situation regarding the project increasing its for all sales due to the implementation of the project directly accommodates the use of high discount rate. The use of high discount rate could eventually allow the organisation to reduce any kind of negative actions that might be conducted in your future. Moreover, the relevant high discount rate could eventually help in evaluating the project under dire circumstances and detect whether it could provide the relevant returns on investment. In this context, Covas Den Haan (2012) mentioned that discount rate is used to subdue the rising inflation, which hampers actual profitability of the organisation. The overall discount rate of 13% or even 15% could eventually help in generating the required profitability, which might be achieved from the project. Expected inflation rate evaluation is not considered under the study, as the inflation rate of 3% is mainly constant, while the revenue generated from operations are different. Thus, it could be identified that use of higher discount rate could directly provide the company with a cushion, which might help in anticipating the minimum returns that might be provided from the investment. Moreover, the use of hi discounted could accommodate the rising information and provide adequate to returns to the organisation. Depicting recommendation for the project, which could be used by the company to improve its return from investment: The case study evaluation and relevant results that obtained in the above question directly provide adequate insight for the new project. Moreover, producing 10-in and 12-in Pipe could eventually allow the organisation to increase the relevant income in future. All the calculations conducted in the above questions directly indicate viability of the project for producing a positive return from the investment (Caulfield, Bailey Mullarkey, 2013). There are two different types of calculations conducted with increasing sales and without increasing sales. However, in a situation vesicles are not increasing as anticipated by the salesman the worst case scenario provide the negative return. This directly indicates that investments in the project should not be conducted Assume the worst case scenario the project will not be able to support the anticipated return. However increment and seals as depicted by the salesperson directly provide a positive NPV for all the three situations, even with a cost of capital of 12% or higher. Therefore, it is directly indicated the project is viable, which might allow the organisation to increase the return from investment. Reference and Bibliography: Bushman, R. M., Piotroski, J. D., Smith, A. J. (2011). Capital allocation and timely accounting recognition of economic losses.Journal of Business Finance Accounting,38(1?2), 1-33. Caulfield, B., Bailey, D., Mullarkey, S. (2013). Using data envelopment analysis as a public transport project appraisal tool.Transport Policy,29, 74-85. Connolly, E., Norman, D., West, T. (2012). Small business: An economic overview.Small Business Finance Roundtable,22. Corgnati, S. P., Fabrizio, E., Filippi, M., Monetti, V. (2013). Reference buildings for cost optimal analysis: Method of definition and application.Applied energy,102, 983-993. Covas, F., Den Haan, W. J. (2012). The role of debt and equity finance over the business cycle.The Economic Journal,122(565), 1262-1286. Glukhov, E. V., Glukhov, V. V. (2013). Meaning and essence of scientific concept" business finance" in market-oriented economy.World Applied Sciences Journal,25(10), 1405-1408. Grigoroudis, E., Tsitsiridi, E., Zopounidis, C. (2013). Linking customer satisfaction, employee appraisal, and business performance: an evaluation methodology in the banking sector.Annals of Operations Research,205(1), 5-27. Kelly, R., Kraemer-Eis, H. (2011).European Small Business Finance Outlook(Vol. 10). EIF Working Paper 2011. Kennickell, A. B., Kwast, M. L., Pogach, J. (2016). Small businesses and small business finance during the financial crisis and the Great Recession: New evidence from the survey of consumer finances. InMeasuring Entrepreneurial Businesses: Current Knowledge and Challenges. University of Chicago Press. Kirschenmann, K., Norden, L. (2012). The relationship between borrower risk and loan maturity in small business lending.Journal of Business Finance Accounting,39(5?6), 730-757. Lazonick, W., Tulum, . (2011). US biopharmaceutical finance and the sustainability of the biotech business model.Research Policy,40(9), 1170-1187. Mackie, P., Worsley, T., Eliasson, J. (2014). Transport appraisal revisited.Research in Transportation Economics,47, 3-18. Mulley, C., Tyson, R., McCue, P., Rissel, C., Munro, C. (2013). Valuing active travel: Including the health benefits of sustainable transport in transportation appraisal frameworks.Research in Transportation Business Management,7, 27-34. Penning-Rowsell, E., Priest, S., Parker, D., Morris, J., Tunstall, S., Viavattene, C., ... Owen, D. (2014).Flood and coastal erosion risk management: a manual for economic appraisal. Routledge. Rogers, M. G., Bruen, M., Maystre, L. Y. (2013).Electre and decision support: methods and applications in engineering and infrastructure investment. Springer Science Business Media. Scholes, M. S. (2015).Taxes and business strategy. Prentice Hall. Turnpenny, J., Russel, D., Jordan, A. (2014). The challenge of embedding an ecosystem services approach: patterns of knowledge utilisation in public policy appraisal.Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy,32(2), 247-262. Willcocks, L. (2013).Information management: the evaluation of information systems investments. Springer. Yazdipour, R. (Ed.). (2012).Advances in small business finance(Vol. 21). Springer Science Business Media. Ã… ½iÃ… ¾lavsk, O. (2014). Net present value approach: method for economic assessment of innovation projects.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,156, 506-512.

Hiv/Aids Essay Example

Hiv/Aids Essay There have been studies on HIV/AIDS, but there is currently no cure for the virus/disease. There is a misconception that AIDS is transmitted, but what people don’t know is that the virus HIV is what is transmitted; leading to the disease AIDS. The risk factors, major health promoting behaviors and symptoms that can alleviate the hardships that come with the virus/disease, can cause stress, frustration and conflict managing the illness. The impact of the medical condition on the mental health and the therapeutic approaches are also discussed. Statistics tell us that 25 million people have died from AIDS since1981. In our world today many viruses and diseases have no cures. One of these diseases is AIDS, which stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. A virus, called Human Immunodeficiency Virus better known as HIV, causes AIDS. HIV is a virus that gradually attacks the immune system. Many people have the misconception that they can get infected with AIDS, but in actuality it is the virus you are infected with first. The virus then progressively gets worse and worse leading to the disease. There are many concerns that come along with the virus such as the risk factors of health, emotional and mental impact. HIV can be transmitted different ways some of the common ways are as follows. It can be transmitted through sexual intercourse. Both pre-cum and semen can transmit HIV to their sexual partner. Also, transmission can occur by sharing needles with someone that is infected with the virus. This is common with people that use drugs. Another way is when a person gets a tattoo, and the tattoo artist uses a dirty needle. We will write a custom essay sample on Hiv/Aids specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hiv/Aids specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hiv/Aids specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Lastly, it can be passed to a newborn if the mother is infected with the virus. Even if the mother is not infected at the time of birth, and becomes infected afterwards; the baby can still receive the virus through breast milk. An uncommon way of coming in contact with the disease is a blood transfusion. It can happen, though there is a low percentage that the blood transferred to you can have HIV in it. There are other ways of getting infected, but they are not as common as what is listed previously. Having this virus in your body can put a person at very high risk for any type of infection. This virus attacks your immune system. What our immune system does in our body is fight bacteria and unwanted waste. For example, a person without the virus a common cold can be taken care of simply by just taking tylenol or any over the counter drug. However, when you are infected with this virus it takes much more then just an over the counter drug and the common cold could lead to death; because your immune system is not functioning properly any type of bacteria or germ that you come in contact with can be extremely dangerous. Although there is no cure for the virus/disease there are ways you can ease the symptoms. Specifically, there are eight ways to alleviate the symptoms of the virus/disease they are as follows. The most common one is medication. Medication can only do so much for a person you must apply other factors to fight the virus/disease. To enhance the effectiveness of the medication; health advisors suggest to learn how to comfort yourself when feeling depressed or sad. One way of doing this is involving yourself in daily activities and events. Eating habits should be adjusted by eating at least 5 to 6 times per day, eat high calorie and high protein foods such as dairy products, nuts, peanut butter and dried fruits. Some HIV patients experience extreme loss of weight they can drink meal replacement drinks such as ensure, boost, nutren and resource. There are two major types of exercise that can help people living with HIV, which are resistance and aerobic. Resistance exercise is weight training that can add density and bulk to the muscles in your body. Aerobic can also be called cardiovascular, is training that involves exercises that increase your heart rate. These include walking, running, swimming or bicycling. Aerobic activity is not only great for the immune system, but it also decreases your risk for developing heart disease and helps with weight management. Exercise can increase the muscle mass of the human body, which boosts the amount of energy the patient can have. The more energy the patient has can enhance the immune system. Also some medications can increase the amount of fat in your blood, but exercise can help protect you against the associated risk of heart disease. Illness is a major life event that can cause people to question themselves, their purpose, and their meaning in life. It disrupts their careers, their family life, and their ability to enjoy themselves; three aspects of life that Freud said were essential to a healthy mind. Spiritual care is recognized as a factor that contributes to health in many persons. It is expressed in an individual’s search for ultimate meaning through participation in religion and/or belief in God, family, naturalism, rationalism, humanism, and the arts. When a patient is diagnosis HIV positive, it can put a stress on the person as well as family and friends involved. Ways of coping with stress can be exercise, therapy and expressing your feelings. A person can experience anger or frustration because of the virus, feeling as if there is no point to living. Some people may deny the fact that they have HIV/AIDS this comes from not being able to handle it emotionally. These emotional problems can all be managed by seeing a therapist and educating yourself about the virus/disease. Depression can also be linked to HIV/AIDS. A person can become depressed in the beginning stages of dealing with the Virus. This can cause thoughts of wanting to die and feeling as if there is no meaning to life. With depression comes anxiety and fear. Anxiety can trigger other health problems, making the adjustment of life more difficult. This can happen when one has lack of knowledge of the virus and what is to come in the future. Society is judgmental towards people that carry the virus, which can make the person feel scared about telling others about their condition. These to things are caused from being diagnosed with HIV. There are various types of therapeutic approaches such as, medications and therapy. There are different types of antiretroviral drugs used in HIV infection. Which include multi-class combination products, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNETIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), fusion inhibitors, entry inhibitors –CCR5 co-receptor antagonist, and HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors. The key to effective treatment is early detection and intervention. Some therapies to treat HIV are herbal medicine, acupuncture, body work and massage and mind-body therapies. In conclusion, HIV/AIDS is a very serious virus/disease and should not be taken lightly. There are many mental and physical aspects that come along with the virus as mentioned earlier. If the virus is treated early, detection and intervention can occur allowing the person to live a long life. On the other hand, if the virus is ignored and the correct steps are not taken it can turn into AIDS, which will lead to death. More than 25 million people have died from AIDS since 1981.

Amritsar Massacre, 1919

Amritsar Massacre, 1919 The European imperial powers committed many atrocities during their period of world domination.  However, the 1919 Amritsar Massacre in northern India, also known as the Jallianwala Massacre, surely ranks as one of the most senseless and egregious.   Background For more than sixty years, British officials in the Raj had viewed the people of India with mistrust, having been caught off-guard by the Indian Revolt of 1857. During World War I (1914-18), the majority of Indians supported the British in their war effort against Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire.  Indeed, more than 1.3 million Indians served as soldiers or support staff during the war, and more than 43,000 died fighting for Britain. The British knew, however, that not all Indians were willing to support their colonial rulers.  In 1915, some of the most radical Indian nationalists took part in a plan called the Ghadar Mutiny, which called for soldiers in the British Indian Army to revolt in the midst of the Great War. The Ghadar Mutiny never happened, as the organization planning the revolt was infiltrated by British agents and the ring-leaders arrested. Nevertheless, it increased hostility and distrust among British officers toward the people of India. On March 10, 1919, the British passed a law called the Rowlatt Act, which only increased disaffection in India.  The Rowlatt Act authorized the government to imprison suspected revolutionaries for up to two years without a trial. People could be arrested without a warrant, had no right to confront their accusers or see the evidence against them, and lost the right to a jury trial.   It also placed strict controls on the press. The British immediately arrested two prominent political leaders in Amritsar who were affiliated with Mohandas Gandhi; the men disappeared into the prison system. Over the following month, violent street scuffles broke out between Europeans and Indians in the streets of Amritsar.  The local military commander, Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, issued orders that Indian men had to crawl on hands and knees along the public street, and could be publicly lashed for approaching British police officers. On April 13, the British government banned gatherings of more than four people. Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh On the very afternoon that freedom of assembly was retracted, April 13, thousands of Indians gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh gardens in Amritsar.  Sources say that as many as 15,000 to 20,000 people packed into the small space. General Dyer, certain that the Indians were beginning an insurrection, led a group of sixty-five Gurkhas and twenty-five Baluchi soldiers from Iran through the narrow passages of the public garden. Fortunately, the two armored cars with machine guns mounted on top were too wide to fit through the passageway and remained outside. The soldiers blocked all of the exits.  Without issuing any warning, they opened fire, aiming for the most crowded parts of the throng. People screamed and ran for the exits, trampling one another in their terror, only to find each way blocked by soldiers. Dozens jumped into a deep well in the garden to escape the gunfire, and drowned or were crushed instead. The authorities imposed a curfew on the city, preventing families from aiding the wounded or finding their dead all night. As a result, many of the injured likely bled to death in the garden. The shooting went on for ten minutes; more than 1,600 shell casings were recovered.  Dyer only ordered a ceasefire when the troops ran out of ammunition. Officially, the British reported that 379 people were killed; its likely that the actual toll was closer to 1,000.   Reaction The colonial government tried to suppress news of the massacre both within India and in Britain.   Slowly, however, word of the horror got out.  Within India, ordinary people became politicized, and nationalists lost all hope that the British government would deal with them in good faith, despite Indias massive contribution to the recent war efforts.   In Britain, the general public and the House of Commons reacted with outrage and disgust to news of the massacre. General Dyer was called to give testimony about the incident.  He testified that he surrounded the protestors and did not give any warning before giving the order to fire because he did not seek to disperse the crowd, but to punish the people of India generally. He also stated that he would have used the machine guns to kill many more people, had he been able to get them into the garden.   Even Winston Churchill, no great fan of the Indian people, decried this monstrous event. He called it an extraordinary event, a monstrous event. General Dyer was relieved of his command on grounds of mistaking his duty, but he was never prosecuted for the murders.  The British government has yet to formally apologize for the incident.   Some historians, such as Alfred Draper, believe that the Amritsar Massacre was key in bringing down the British Raj in India.  Most believe that Indian independence was inevitable by that point, but that the callous brutality of the massacre made the struggle that much more bitter. Sources Collett, Nigel.   The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer, London: Continuum, 2006. Lloyd, Nick. The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day, London: I.B. Tauris, 2011. Sayer, Derek. British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919-1920, Past Present, No. 131 (May 1991), pp. 130-164.

Chemical Composition of the Human Body

Chemical Composition of the Human Body Many of the elements found throughout nature are also found within the body. This is the chemical composition of the average adult human body in terms of elements and also compounds. Major Classes of Compounds in the Human Body Most of the elements are found within compounds. Water and minerals are inorganic compounds. Organic compounds include fat, protein, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Water:  Water is the most abundant chemical compound in living human cells, accounting for 65 percent to 90 percent  of each cell. Its also present between cells. For example, blood and cerebrospinal fluid are mostly water.Fat: The percentage of fat varies from person to person, but even an obese person has more water than fat.Protein: In a lean male, the percentages of protein and water are comparable. Its about 16 percent  by mass. Muscles, including the heart, contain a lot of muscle. Hair and fingernails are protein. Skin contains a large amount of protein, too.Minerals: Minerals account for about 6 percent  of the body. They include salts and metals. Common minerals include sodium, chlorine, calcium, potassium, and iron.Carbohydrates: Although humans use the sugar glucose as an energy source, there isnt that much of it free in the bloodstream at any given time. Sugar and other carbohydrates only account for about 1% of body mass. Elements in the Human Body Six elements  account for 99%  of the mass of the human body. The acronym CHNOPS may be used to help remember the six key chemical elements that are used in biological molecules. C is carbon, H is hydrogen, N is nitrogen, O is oxygen, P is phosphorus, and S is sulfur. While the acronym is  a good way to remember the identities of the elements, it doesnt reflect their abundance. Oxygen is the most abundant element in the human body accounting for approximately 65% of a persons mass. Each water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom, but the mass of each oxygen atom is much higher than the combined mass of the hydrogen. In addition to being a component of water, oxygen is essential for cellular respiration.Carbon is contained in all organic compounds, which is why carbon is the second most abundant element in the body, accounting for about 18% of body mass. Carbon is found in proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Its also found in carbon dioxide.Hydrogen atoms are the most numerous type of atom in a human, but because they are so light, they only make up around 10% of the  mass. Hydrogen is in water, plus its an important electron carrier.Nitrogen is about 3.3% of body mass. Its found in proteins and nucleic acids.Calcium accounts for 1.5% of body mass. Its used to build bones and teeth, plus its important for muscle contraction. Phosphorus is about 1% of body mass. This element is found in nucleic acids. Breaking bonds connecting phosphate molecules is a major component of energy transfer.Potassium is around 0.2-0.4% of the mass of a person. Its used in nerve conduction. Potassium is a key cation or positively-charged ion in the body.Sulfur is found in some amino acids and proteins. Its about 0.2-0.3% of body mass.Sodium, like potassium, is a positively-charged ion. Its about 0.1-0.2% of body mass. Sodium helps regulate the electrolyte balance in the body and maintain homeostasis with respect to the volume of water in the blood and cells.Although aluminum and silicon are abundant in the earths crust, they are found in trace amounts in the human body.Other trace elements include metals, which are often cofactors for enzymes. Trace elements include iron, cobalt, zinc, iodine, selenium, and flourine. Element Percent by Mass Oxygen 65 Carbon 18 Hydrogen 10 Nitrogen 3 Calcium 1.5 Phosphorus 1.2 Potassium 0.2 Sulfur 0.2 Chlorine 0.2 Sodium 0.1 Magnesium 0.05 Iron, Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, Iodine trace Selenium, Fluorine minute amounts Sources Anke M. (1986). Arsenic. In: Mertz W. ed., Trace elements in human and Animal Nutrition, 5th ed. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. pp. 347-372.Chang, Raymond (2007). Chemistry, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill. pp. 52.Emsley, John (2011). Natures Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. OUP Oxford. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances, Food and Nutrition Board; Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council (February 1989). Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-04633-6.Zumdahl, Steven S. and Susan A. (2000). Chemistry, Fifth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 894. ISBN 0-395-98581-1.

Minorities in Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Minorities in Management - Term Paper Example In most companies, the more shares one has, the control they exert in the management of the organization. As such, they have powers to make decisions, basing on the influence of their large share volumes that protect their interests, even if the said decisions undermine the rights of minority shareholders. Under such leadership, the minority in the organization do not have a say in the management decisions of the company, thereby putting their investments at risk (Collins, Emsell & Haydon, 2011). Corporate governance dictates that an organization should uphold the rights of all the members of their organization. As such, the management team should comprise of all groups and unique members in the organization. Contrary to this, most management teams only consist of majority groups, those who have power, wealth, and influence to control and manipulate managerial decisions for their own personal benefits. For instance, most management teams comprised of only men. The male dominance in s uch organizations denies the female fraternity in the organization their rights and privileges. In addition, this denies these female counterparts freedom to express their rights freely, as well as, the freedom to advance their careers. Such organizations with gender imbalance form the top of the management team also experiences gender related violence and discrimination within the other levels of the organization, all the way to the lower levels (Maume, 2012). However, numerous scholars in the business industry disagree on the idea of the increase of minority managers within the organization, or within an organizational management. In fact, the argument centers around the possibility of whether an increase in minority managers marks a vacuous or real progress in the gains made towards elimination of racial bias within the labor market. In some cases, the minorities in management are those of a different race, or a different social class or social status within the community, these minority managers and supervisors end up holding very mediocre positions in the company. For instance, the minority in management end up getting job assignments that are less challenging. In addition, they hold positions that are most vulnerable to layoffs compared to those from the majority or major groups (Wrench, 2012). However, some majority groups continuously enjoy protection and favoritism in the organization. Bottom-up ascription processes support the fact that, among subordinates, those minority employees working for or reporting to a minority boss earn a lesser amount of cash compared to the workers under a majority manager. This is despite their high level of commitment to their work and responsibilities at their workplace. Eventually, this leads to lower productivity within the organization because the people who work hard the most in the company get the lowest levels or amounts of compensation. The low remuneration level demotivates these workers, especially those repor ting to minority managers. These workers end up in a go slow or any other industrial action in order to express their dissatisfaction. Others even decide to quit their current positions and search for better employment opportunities in order companies (Collins, Emsell & Haydon, 2011). Resignation of employees results in a high rate of workers turnover, which also drops the productivity levels of the organization, as it will spend more replacing the employees and managers who resign. A company